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Escalation and Restraint: Revisiting the May 2025 Conflict

In the latest series of articles reflecting on the anniversary of the May 2025 India-Pakistan crisis, Shaza Arif explores how the crisis highlights the dangerous stability-instability paradox in South Asia, where nuclear deterrence prevents full scale war but simultaneously enables recurring limited conventional clashes, escalating the risks of miscalculation, arms races, and uncontrolled escalation under the nuclear shadow.

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