Getting to Zero Update
25 June 2008
Please note, BASIC and Crisis Action have a bi-weekly update
devoted solely to diplomatic developments related to Iran's
nuclear program, which may be found at the following Web address:
http://www.basicint.org/update/iran.htm.
Previous editions of the Getting to Zero Update are available
at: http://www.basicint.org/update/wnu.htm.
In this issue:
COMMITMENTS TO DISARMAMENT AND ARMS CONTROL
40th Anniversary of the NPT
July 1, 2008 marks the 40th Anniversary of the opening of
signatures for the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. To mark
the anniversary, the Arms Control Association focused their
monthly magazine, Arms Control Today, and their annual
meeting on the NPT. The articles in Arms
Control Today discussed the current and future problems
with the treaty as well as the eventual elimination of nuclear
weapons and practical steps toward that goal. The Arms Control
Association's annual
event saw Ambassadors Norman Wulf and Sérgio de Quieroz Duarte
call for a nuclear free world and noted the challenges the
NPT faces in the future. It also included a
debate between representatives of the two leading Presidential
candidates: John Holum (for Obama) and Steve Biegun (for McCain),
C-Span video
available here.
Further Reading:
"The
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty at Forty: Addressing Current
and Future Challenges" (ACA Event Transcripts), Arms Control
Association, June 16, 2008
Envisioning
a World Free of Nuclear Weapons, Jonas Gahr Støre, Arms
Control Today, June 2008
Elimination
or Irrelevance, K. Subrahmanyam, Arms Control Today,
June 2008
New
Opportunities for Nonproliferation, Thomas R. Pickering,
Arms Control Today, June 2008
Fulfill
and Strengthen the Bargain, Jayantha Dhanapala, Arms
Control Today, June 2008
NPT:
Past, Present, and Future, Daryl G. Kimball, Arms Control
Today, June 2008
Australian and Indian leaders call for nuclear disarmament
amid nuclear energy tensions
Earlier in June Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd announced
the establishment of a Nuclear
Nonproliferation and Disarmament Commission with the focus
on eventual nuclear disarmament leading into the 2010 NPT
Review Conference. "The objective is to take the work already
done ... and to seek to shape a global consensus in the lead-up
to the NPT review process in 2010," Rudd explained on June
8 in Japan. The following day, former foreign minister Gareth
Evans, who was appointed chairman cited the need to include
the NPT outsiders, India, Israel, North Korea and Pakistan
in any nuclear disarmament discussions.
In addition, Prime Minister Rudd declared Australia
would not sell uranium to India until they become a signatory
of the NPT. Australia possesses the largest uranium reserves
and India has been seeking uranium ore for their domestic
energy needs. India later acknowledged
and accepted the declaration by Prime Minister Rudd, and
offered to look in more detail at the proposed new committee.
Meanwhile, at a conference on "Towards
A World Free of Nuclear Weapons" in New Delhi on June
8, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called for a nuclear
free world and announced India had submitted a working paper
on nuclear disarmament to the UN General Assembly. He highlighted
practical steps for states to work toward nuclear disarmament,
and the special danger that nuclear weapons pose with regard
to international terrorism. He also argued that India is a
responsible nuclear power growing energy needs and rights
to access the global uranium market, but that it was willing
to work toward a world without nuclear weapons. (See more
on India under the Country reports section below.)
Further Reading:
Nuclear
official calls for India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea
to join disarmament talks, IHT, June 10
Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) progress
US Senator Richard Lugar announced
the progress of the Cooperative
Threat Reduction program for May, involving the destruction
of warheads and missiles. CTR has to date destroyed over 7,000
nuclear warheads, 698 ICBMs, 496 silos, and 631 SLBMs.
Calls for removal of US tactical nuclear warheads in Europe
at international seminar in Germany
On May 25, 2008, Parliamentarians
for Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament (PNND) and
the Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES) held
a seminar in Berlin on the future of NATO and the role
of nuclear weapons in Europe, alongside a meeting of the NATO
Parliamentary Assembly. Key participants, including senior
German politicians from SDP, FPD and the Greens, called for
an end to NATO's reliance on nuclear deterrence and for the
removal of tactical nuclear weapons from Europe.
Country Updates
UNITED STATES
Air Force leaders fired after series of problems with nuclear
weapons security
In a big shakeup of the Air Force's top brass, Defense Secretary
Robert Gates ousted
Air Force Secretary Michael W. Wynne and the chief of staff,
Gen. T. Michael "Buzz" Moseley from the top two positions
in the Air Force on June 5. The move was made in response
to the security failures that allowed nuclear weapons to be
flown unknowingly across the country, nuclear technology to
be shipped by mistake to Taiwan and the corrupt $50 million
contract to the Thunderbirds. Gates made the moves after several
internal reviews on the operations of Air Force leadership
decisions.
Hans Kristensen of the Federation of American Scientists
obtained a recent report by the Pentagon on June 19 detailing
the failure of basic security measures in Europe, where
350 tactical nuclear weapons are held. The report concluded,
"Most sites require significant additional resources to meet
DoD security requirements." In response to the Pentagon report,
a
NATO official said that security of the tactical nuclear
weapons is the responsibility of the United States and the
host countries, not the alliance as a whole.
In addition, another Pentagon report
released on June 19, found that the United States could
not locate hundreds of sensitive nuclear weapons parts. One
official put the number up to 1,000. But, the Air Force stresses
there were no suggestions that the material fell into the
wrong hands.
Lawrence Korb of the Center for American Progress points
out that the Air Force is
having a difficult time adjusting to the post-Cold War
military world. He notes that the Air Force has not really
paid attention to the maintenance and basic security of nuclear
weapons, seen as expensive disatractions when conventional
weapons are capable of accomplishing any necessary missions.
Further Reading:
USAF
Report: "Most" Nuclear Weapon Sites In Europe Do Not Meet
US Security Requirements, Hans Kristensen, Federation
of American Scientists, June 19
DOE official admits concern about the smuggling of nuclear
material
A Department of Energy official said
on June 17 that the US Government is not doing enough
to stop nuclear smuggling in an effort to keep material out
of the hands of terrorists and 'rogue' states. "We must take
urgent action to scoop up any nuclear material outside state
control before terrorists do," said DOE's intelligence director
Rolf Mowatt-Larssen. He added, "The continuing instances of
trafficking in nuclear materials means we collectively have
not done enough to keep material out of the hands of terrorists.
We must urgently intensify efforts to acquire any materials
that may be for sale on the illicit nuclear market." Mowatt-Larsen
suggested that now more agencies are working together to try
and solve the problem of loose nuclear material and smuggling.
President Bush has come under criticism
for his failure to appoint a high-level White House coordinator
for preventing nuclear terrorism, despite a Congressional
mandate passed with broad bipartisan support over ten months
ago.
Bush administration faces tough debate on Russia nuclear
deal
On June 12, John Rood, the acting Undersecretary for Arms
Control and International Security, testifying
before the House Foreign Affairs Committee spoke of the
benefits of civilian nuclear cooperation between the US and
Russia, highlighting innovative Russian nuclear technology
and a new Russian international nuclear fuel storage facility.
Rood faced staunch
opposition from Democratic and Republican committee members
alike. Representatives Howard Berman (Democrat-California)
and Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Republican-Florida) argued that Russia
had not demonstrated an adequate commitment to preventing
Iranian nuclear proliferation. Furthermore, Dan Burton (Republican-Indiana)
and David Scott (Democrat-Georgia) expressed concerns over
the dual usage capabilities of certain US technologies and
the possibility of Russian dissemination of these tools to
Iran. The US-Russia nuclear deal will come into effect 90
days after its May 13 introduction into Congress unless both
houses block it by majorities of two-thirds.
US Presidential Race
Speaking
at the Israeli Lobby group AIPAC on June 4th, Presumptive
Democratic Nominee Barack Obama vowed to ensure that Iran
does not obtain a nuclear weapon. "I will do everything in
my power to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon -
everything," he stated to the large crowd. He also proclaimed,
"The danger from Iran is grave, it is real, and my goal will
be to eliminate this threat." He pointed to the need for more
diplomacy.
Critics
have pointed out that both candidates in the campaign speak
as if Iran is on a path towards nuclear weapons, despite last
November's National Intelligence Estimate, which could limit
future policy options.
Further Reading:
Obama
vs. McCain on Nuclear Proliferation, Howard Salter, American
Chronicle, June 10
Traveling
the road to nuclear reduction, Steven Pifer, Boston
Globe, June 9
Obama
vs. McCain: A Side-By-Side Comparison on Arms Control,
John Isaacs and Leonor Tomero, Center for Arms Control and
Non-Proliferation, June 9
CHINA
US diplomats and defense officials met
with their Chinese counterparts in Beijing on June 4. The
US delegation objected to China's anti-satellite missile test
in January 2007, despite a similar exercise conducted by the
US Navy earlier this year. They also tried to gain a clearer
understanding of Chinese nuclear doctrine. China maintains
a no first-use policy on nuclear weapons and has spoken out
against a space arms race, but many Chinese officials believe
that the country should be ready for a protracted and intensified
rivalry with the United States. The Federation of American
Scientists estimates
that China has 200 nuclear warheads, compared to the US arsenal
of over 10,000.
INDIA
A US-India nuclear energy cooperation deal appears increasingly
unlikely.
The opposition party in India called
off talks on June 18. Opposition leaders stated that the
deal "undermine[s] the independent foreign policy of India.
We do not think this deal gives us any advantages." Even an
unnamed senior US official acknowledged that the agreement
will probably not make it back to the United States for Congressional
ratification. The failure of the agreement, a landmark for
the Bush Presidency, would be a huge blow to the Administration.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh still
tried to press the deal, stating the possible benefits
of the agreement with the United States. Prime Minister Singh
also
threatened to push ahead with the agreement without political
support, even calling for early elections if necessary.
Further Reading:
The U.S.-India
Nuclear Deal, Esther Pan and Jayshree Bajoria, Council
on Foreign Relations, February 7
IRAN
A proposal
designed by MIT scientists that would entail the creation
of an international uranium enrichment facility in Iran to
replace the country's current enrichment program is gaining
more attention. The plan's intent is to allow Iran to "[enrich]
uranium on its own soil, while preventing the dangerous material
from being diverted to weapons." The MIT authors contend that-if
successfully implemented-the plan would allow Iran to reap
the benefits of peaceful nuclear energy, achieve enrichment
on their soil involving Iranian scientists, but would also
inhibit the country's scientists from duplicating the foreign
technology and converting it to use for nuclear weapons development.
(see MIT Research Affiliate Sir John Thomson's Open
Letter to the UK Government, which calls for such a solution).
Ambassador Thomas Pickering and associates also promoted
this solution earlier this year (see NY Review of Books article).
In 2005, IAEA officials advocated the creation of an international
nuclear energy consortium in Iran. That same year, Iranian
President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad invited other countries to work
with Iran to develop nuclear power on a visit to the United
Nations in New York. This was repeated in Iran's offer
to the international community earlier this month. Though
Bush administration officials continue to dismiss the plan
as appeasement and John McCain rejects it, Barrack Obama's
advisors have yet to endorse or reject the solution.
Bush pushes for new sanctions; Solana delivers revised incentives
package
US President George W. Bush visited Europe from June 10-16,
attempting to gain European
support for intensified sanctions against Iran-among other
things. UK Prime Minister Gordon
Brown spoke out in favor of Bush's proposal, announcing
British sanctions targeting the foreign assets of Iran's largest
bank, Bank Melli, and the Iranian gas and oil sectors.
Meanwhile, Javier Solana, High Representative for the European
Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) spent
the weekend of June 13-15 in Tehran talking with Saeed
Jalili, Iran's top nuclear negotiator. Solana presented
Jalili with an updated
version of the P5+1 incentives package offered to Iran
in 2006. The revised package includes Western assistance in
the development of a civilian nuclear program which abides
by the guidelines of the NPT, economic aid, and the normalization
of trade and diplomatic relations between Iran and the West-including
potential WTO membership. Iran has one month to make a decision
on the package. Solana also formally offered a freeze-for-freeze
interim step towards cessation of enrichment activities. Freeze
for freeze entails no more sanctions in return for Iran's
freeze in their expansion in the number of centrifuges at
Natanz.
On June 16 in Luxembourg, representatives from EU member
states agreed
with Prime Minister Brown on the need for new sanctions, but
delayed the decision on their implementation until after Tehran
has reached a conclusion on the package presented by Solana.
Resistance within Europe to significantly stronger sanctions
looks likely for economic reasons.
A Congressional resolution asking the President Bush impose
"stringent inspection requirements" on trade with Iran, hinting
at a military blockade, may
come to the House floor this week. A military blockade
would be a major escalation, and possibly interpreted as an
act of war.
Further Reading:
Iran
says ready to negotiate on nuclear incentives, by Frank
Nyakairu and Wangui Kanina, Reuters, June 19
NYT
Exposes Fraud of "Generous Offer" to Iran, by Robert Naiman,
Huffington Post, June 17
Former
U.N. weapons inspector Hans Blix rips U.S. approach on Iran's
nuclear program, International Herald Tribune,
June 12
Prominent
Calls for Diplomacy with Iran, Center for Arms Control
and Non-Proliferation, June 9
Iran
threatens to sue 5 nations over nuclear reputation, USA
Today, June 5
Sanctions
against Iran: A Promising Struggle, by Michael Jacobson,
The Washington Quarterly, summer 2008
Consensus building in Israel for strike on Iran
Israeli Transportation Minister Shaul Mofaz, a former Defense
Minister and key advisor to Prime Minister Olmert, stated
that a military operation against Iran may be "unavoidable."
Mofaz cited Iran's refusal to halt uranium enrichment, in
the face of international pressure, as the justification behind
this threat. However, Iran's nuclear facilities are dispersed
throughout the country and are heavily-defended, raising questions
about the feasibility of such an attack. Recent
Israeli jet exercises indicate that the IDF may be planning
such an operation, drawing criticism from Russia. An Israeli
strike may be intended either to disrupt Iranian nuclear activities
or draw the United States into conducting its own military
operations.
Further Reading:
Attacking
Iran: The last resort, by David Isenberg, Asia Times,
June 19
Iran
pledges to continue enrichment, but stay in nuclear treaty,
RIA Novosti, June 18
Israeli
Ministers Mull Plans for Military Strike against Iran,
Der Spiegel, June 16
To
war or not to war with Iran: that is the temptation, by
Ismail Salami, Press TV, June 9
Senate:
Iranian intel concealed from CIA, DIA, by Pamela Hess,
AP, June 5
SYRIA
IAEA to visit al-Kibar site; skepticism about U.S. claims
IAEA inspectors arrived in Damascus on June 22, with little
press by the Syrian government for their planned trip
June 22-24 to visit the al-Kibar site. In April, the United
States prompted an IAEA investigation of Syria by submitting
intelligence documentation of the al-Kibar site, a potential
Syrian nuclear reactor which was bombed and destroyed by Israel
in September 2007. While the United States and Israel have
accused Syria of collaborating with North Korea to develop
nuclear weapons technology, Syrian contends that the bombed
facility was a non-nuclear military site under construction.
Syrian officials
intend to allow weapons inspectors access to the al-Kibar
site, but the IAEA will not be granted access to three other
sites that US officials suspect of playing roles in a covert
nuclear weapons program. ElBaradei said that the
IAEA does not believe that Syria has the technical knowledge
or nuclear fuel resources to maintain a large nuclear program.
It is difficult to see where the fuel for any reactor would
have come from - Norman Dombey points
out Syria itself has no capacity to make it and any appropriate
North Korean fuel is limited and under tight safeguards. It
seems clearer than ever that the raid was a signal to Iran
that nuclear projects in the region would not be tolerated.
Syrian President Bashar Assad stated that the country seeks
peaceful nuclear energy through a collective project among
Arab nations, rather than the development of nuclear weapons.
Further Reading:
Nuclear
Inspectors to Check Syria Site, New York Times,
June 23
North
Korea may have hand in Syrian nuclear site, France
24, June 18
ElBaradei's
candor, by Caroline Glick, Jerusalem Post, June
5
Inspecting
Syria's Al-Kibar Site: A Technical Note, ISIS, May 12
NORTH KOREA
Despite the North Korean-Syrian al-Kibar link, the United
States, South Korea and China all called for the resumption
of talks with North Korea to accomplish the goals of denuclearization
of the peninsula. US Defense Secretary Robert Gates stated
that North Korea was a "serious adversary" but he said he
knew of no evidence that it was sharing nuclear capabilities
with other countries besides Syria. "The talks are the best
way to confront the regime on proliferation issues." New Chinese
Vice-President Xi Jinping agreed.
South Korea reported
on June 18 that North Korea was ready to restart negotiations
and work toward the denuclearization of the peninsula. North
Korea was complaining of slow
energy aid at the beginning of the month, and negotiators
stated they will speed
up aid to North Korea.
The United States may
have found traces of highly-enriched uranium on the over
18,000 documents that North Korea provided. Both the State
Department and White House refused to comment, but the discovery
does not seem to have any lasting repercussions. North Korea
is still expected to release
on June 26 comprehensive details of its past nuclear activities.
The
media will be invited to watch as North Korea destroys
the cooling tower to the Youngbyon nuclear reactor on June
27. The destruction of the cooling tower is a major symbolic
step in eliminating the country's nuclear weapons program
and moving towards a completion of the Six Party Talks.
Further Reading:
NKorea
ready for six-party talks round: Seoul envoy, AFP, June
18
Japan
raids firms linked to N Korea, Al Jazeera, June 13
Chronology
of U.S.-North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy, Arms
Control Association, June
PAKISTAN
Kahn smuggling ring
The Swiss, the United Nations and the United States discovered
an international smuggling ring linked to
the selling of advanced nuclear weapons designs out of
Pakistan and the A.Q. Khan network. The advanced weapons designs
could have been sold to North Korea, Iran, Libya and other
countries. Swiss officials discovered the advanced weapons
design, which could be fitted on a ballistic missile, on a
laptop in 2006. Though the Swiss destroyed the computer under
the auspices of the United Nations, David Albright noted
that it was unclear who had had access to the information.
Investigators claim the Khan network was trafficking the information
for advanced nuclear designs, much like the ones Pakistan
used in their nuclear detonation in 1998, though it is unclear
whether Iran had received these designs.
In response to the allegations, A.Q. Khan flatly
denied selling any blueprints to anyone or any government.
"This is all a lie, there is no truth in this," he stated.
He continued, "We never prepared (such blueprints), we are
not the designer, we are not the proliferator."
Further Reading:
Swiss
Smugglers Had Advanced Nuclear Weapons Designs, by David
Albright, ISIS, June 16
Security of Pakistani nuclear weapons arsenal
Several key members of the nonproliferation community testified
before Congressional hearings June 12 and 14. Michael Krepon
of the Henry L. Stimson Center stated
the importance of the current military command and control
structure and said that as long as they stay intact, the weapons
should remain safe.
In another
Congressional testimony, other leading experts expressed
concern about the potential problems the arsenal presents
to the United States, including a nuclear war with India,
extending a nuclear umbrella to the Middle East or technology
sharing, possible nuclear theft or smuggling, and weapons
falling into the wrong hands. The experts suggested the United
States should increase its engagement into the India-Pakistan
conflict to try and defuse the situation with the aim of ending
the reliance on deterrence.
RUSSIA
Reductions in Russian nuclear facilities and forces
Russia has ceased
production of weapons-grade plutonium at the Siberian
Chemical Combine, closing down its ADE-5 nuclear reactor.
In the post-Cold War era, Russia maintains large stockpiles
of plutonium, rendering ADE-5's output irrelevant in the production
of new nuclear weapons. Though the Siberian plant had been
converted to the production of heat and electricity, the ADE-5
reactor remained active and significant quantities of fissile
materials were stored at the facility.
The European Union and partners have developed a long-term
strategy to reduce the dangers caused by unnecessary Russian
nuclear facilities. Known as the Strategic Masterplan, this
should be implemented by 2025 and may cost up to 2 billion
euros. The plan began to take shape on June 10 when the European
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) issued over
70 million euros in grants to Russia "for disposing of
scrapped nuclear ships and submarines moored at naval bases
in [the country's] northwest." Contingent on the outcome of
the first few endeavors, these projects are expected to continue
in the future. Commenting on the subject, RIA Novosti, Russia's
state-run news agency noted that "Russia cannot get rid of
its dangerous Soviet nuclear legacy singlehanded. Aware of
the threat this poses, Europe has decided to finance the relevant
projects."
Further Reading:
Norway
allocates $6.2 mln to dispose of nuclear subs in Russia,
RIA Novosti, June 20
Future space-based missile defenses trigger Russian nuclear
development
At a conference last week Russian Foreign Minister Sergey
Lavrov warned
of a new Cold War and observed that mutual trust and respect
was higher in the Cold War than it was today. He explicitly
pointed to the rise of elite opinion supporting arms control
and disarmament within the US as a key glimmer of hope in
the situation.
Predicting the eventual deployment of space-based ballistic
missile defense (BMD), Russia has begun to develop a new
class of ICBMs. Yuri Solomonov, the director general and
head designer of the Moscow Institute of Heat Power Engineering,
said that the new ICBM will allow Russia to carry out an effective
retaliatory second-strike against both current and future
missile defense systems, including those positioned in outer
space. He also noted that Russia would deploy "a new unit
of silo-based and mobile-launched Topol-M"
ICBMs and would begin the deployment of the RS-24,
a MIRV-equipped ICBM which was developed for the purpose of
overwhelming various types of ABM systems.
Further Reading:
Russia
destroys 20 ballistic missiles in 2008 under START treaty,
RIA Novosti, June 9
FRANCE
On June 17, the French government released
a White Paper detailing their revised approach to defense
and national security. One of the core concepts of this new
strategic doctrine is the strengthening of an independent
nuclear deterrent, which appears to some to contradict earlier
endorsements of disarmament by Sarkozy in March. The report
details France's new ballistic missile submarines, the modernization
of their nuclear forces to adapt to the changing threat environment
in the globalization era,the importance of early warning detection,
the fear and threat of terrorism and increased coordination/collaboration
with NATO.
Further Reading:
Le
Livre Blanc Est Ici, Arms Control Wonk, June 18
UNITED KINGDOM
The United Kingdom is
having difficulty staffing their nuclear submarines. Nuclear
submarines, carrying the Trident Submarine Launched Ballistic
Missile, leave port with as little as 85% staff. Despite high
pay increases, the British military is still having trouble
meeting recruiting. The Navy is forced to use sailors from
surface ships and cutting the time ashore. The British Navy
stresses that the lack of full staffs on submarines is not
in any way impacting safety.
MISSILE DEFENSE
In light of the stalled talks in Poland over the Bush administration's
planned missile defense system in Europe, U.S. officials have
entered into talks with Lithuania to explore the possibility
of placing ten missile interceptors in that country. Geoff
Morrell, the Pentagon press secretary said, "We are hopeful
that we can soon reach a deal with the Poles, but we have
always said that there are other options available to us.
There are several other European nations that could host the
interceptors and Lithuania is one of them. That said, we have
not entered into negotiations with any other country and hope
that does not become necessary."
Disagreements with Poland involve requests for additional
military equipment and air defenses, and the demand
for $1bn a year rental. The Pentagon did not rule out having
the Czech Republic host the interceptors instead.
Lt. Gen. Kevin Campbell, head of the Army Space and Missile
Defense Command, stated
on June 15 that he believes that countries like Iran and
North Korea are racing to develop long-range ballistic missiles
that could carry nuclear weapons. He cited the increase in
ballistic missile tests in 2007 over 2006. He also cited the
expansion of the Iranian and North Korean missile programs
over the past few years. On missile defense in Europe he noted,
"Perhaps we can begin to devalue some of their (Iranian) missiles.
It would be terribly short-sighted if we didn't move toward
Europe and close the door." As a forthcoming BASIC paper on
Iran's missile program highlights, these fears may be greatly
exaggerated.
Meanwhile, Victoria Samson of CDI notes that the US Missile
Defense Agency has
cancelled a ground-based midcourse defense (GMD) system
test after a series of delays in order to keep to a schedule.
The proposed sites in Eastern Europe would entail a GMD system,
so cancellations of GMD-related tests could affect the project.
Tests this year were supposed to include countermeasures in
an effort to make conditions more realistic, but this looks
more unlikely now despite a passage of six years since the
last time countermeasures were incorporated into tests.
Further Reading:
Russia
says missile defense talks with U.S. stalled, RIA Novosti,
June 20
U.S.
'plans to neutralize Russian nuclear weapons by 2012-2015',
RIA Novosti, June 18
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Fourth
meeting of U.S.-Russian initiative against nuclear terrorism,
AFP, June 18
The
Incredible Shrinking Missile Threat, Joseph Cirincione,
Foreign Policy, May/June 2008.
Reconsidering
the Rules for Space Security, Nancy Gallagher and John
D. Steinbruner, CISSM, 2008
The
Reality: A Goal of a World without Nuclear Weapons Is Essential,
Sidney Drell and James Goodby, The Washington Quarterly,
summer 2008
Why
Do States Give Up Nuclear Arsenals?: Proliferation as Economic
Bargaining, by Kevin Kiernan, Bologna Center Journal
of international Affairs, Spring 2008
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